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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Paul, Andreas, Kokkola, Tuukka, Fang, Zheng, Ihalainen, Mika, Czech, Hendryk, Etzien, Uwe, Hohaus, Thorsten, Sippula, Olli, Rudich, Yinon, Buchholz, Bert, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, Zimmerman, Ralf, The impact
of photochemical aging on secondary aerosol formation from a marine engine, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 106, 8, 1,
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00985-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00985-2</a>, 2025. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Abstract</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">. Ship traffic is known as an important contributor to air pollution. Regulations aimed at reducing sulfur oxide pollution by limiting the fuel sulfur content
(FSC) may also decrease primary particulate matter (PM) emitted from ships. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding how the FSC affects secondary aerosol formation. The emissions from a research ship engine operated with either low sulfur heavy fuel oil
(LS-HFO) (FSC</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">=</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">0.5%) or marine gas oil (MGO)
(FSC</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">=</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">0.01%), were photochemically processed
in the oxidation flow reactor “PEAR” to achieve an equivalent photochemical age between 0 and 9</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">days in the atmosphere. FSC was found to have no significant
impact on secondary organic aerosol formation after 3</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">days of aging, at 1.7</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">±</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">0.4</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">g/kg
for MGO and 1.5</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">±</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">0.4</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">g/kg
for LS-HFO. Furthermore, the composition and oxidative pathways remained similar regardless of FSC. However, because of the higher secondary SO4 formation and primary aerosol emissions, LS-HFO had significantly higher total PM than MGO.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/pamwiki/publications-using-other-oxidation-flow-reactors">PAM Wiki - Publications Using Other Oxidation Flow Reactors</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ligatures:none">Andrew Lambe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ligatures:none">Principal Scientist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ligatures:none">Aerodyne Research, Inc.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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